Specialty Optical Fiber Manufacturing
OVERVIEW
In-House Specialty Optical Fiber Manufacturing
- State-of-the-Art Fiber Manufacturing Facility Produces our Extensive Catalog Offerings, as well as Customer Specified Fibers
- Ability to Fabricate Passive and Active Fibers that Transmit in the UV through the MIR from Materials such as Silica, Fluoride, and Doped Glasses
- UV Curing Coating Capabilities for Materials Including Acrylate and Optical Polymers
- ITAR-Qualified Facility Located in Newton, NJ, USA
- Experienced with University, Industrial, and Government Work
- Full In-House Design Team and Extensive Metrology Lab
OEM Capabilities
With three fiber draw towers, an in-house R&D team, and on-site metrology and testing, our ITAR-qualified fiber facility is built to accommodate the flexible tower configurations and draw schedules required for volume production on short notice. It is accustomed to the on-time fulfillment of academic, industrial, and government contracts and offers same-day shipping for patch cables with custom lengths and connectors.
We frequently collaborate with university customers on modifications of Thorlabs' catalog products.
CAPABILITIES
Capabilities
- Specialize in Silica and Fluoride Glasses (Other Materials Available Upon Request)
- Transmission from the UV to the MIR: 200 nm - 5.5 μm
- Numerical Apertures: 0.10 to 0.48
- Fiber Core Sizes Range from 2 µm (Single Mode) to 1500 µm (Multimode)
- Custom Single Mode and Multimode Fluoride Glass Fibers
- Custom Multimode Silica Glass Fibers
- Active Fluoride Fibers with a Variety of Core and Cladding Geometries and Dopants such as Erbium, Thulium, and Holmium
- UV Coating Capabilities for Materials Including Acrylate and Optical Polymers
- Extrusion of Tefzel and Nylon Buffer Materials
- Flexible Manufacturing Setups and Schedules Allow for Prototyping as well as Volume Production
- Tensile Strength, Prooftesting, Static Fatigue, and Dynamic Fatigue Testing for All Fiber Types
- Attenuation, Spectral Attenuation, Bend Loss, and NA Testing in Our Metrology Lab
- Vertically Integrated Cabling Operation Provides a Full-Service Solution
Thorlabs' ITAR-certified fiber draw facility, located at our headquarters in Newton, NJ, fabricates specialty optical fiber for a variety of applications. In addition to manufacturing our extensive catalog offerings, this facility supports the flexible tower configurations and draw schedules required for fabricating custom fibers. Our engineering team has experience with designing and fabricating fibers for academic, industrial, and government applications.
The fiber drawn here is sold bare, made into patch cables or incorporated into many products in our ever-growing line of photonics equipment. This fiber is used in laboratories and industries all over the world for everything from optogenetics to telecommunication applications.
We are able to accommodate requests for long fiber lengths resulting from one large, continuous fiber draw. However, the amount of fiber that can be drawn into a given spool will vary by production run. Please contact Tech Support with any specialty needs not covered by our standard offering. For more information about the draw process used at Thorlabs, please see the Preform Preparation and Draw Process tabs above.
PREFORM PREPARATION
Preform Preparation
Optical fiber production begins with a glass preform. The preform must be completely free of surface contaminants in order to produce high-quality fiber. We first attach a handle to the preform to allow the technician to move it without touching the preform itself. One handle is welded onto each end of the preform using an oxygen-hydrogen torch. The thermal expansion coefficient of the handle glass matches that of the preform glass to prevent the weld from separating as the temperature changes. These handles can be reused.
The handles are chucked into a lathe, suspending the preform over an oxygen-hydrogen burner. The preform is rotated as the burner slowly translates down its length, removing all surface contaminants. This process is called firepolishing. Firepolishing takes off the outermost layer of glass leaving a clean surface behind. This clean surface ensures the resulting fiber has the highest strength possible.
Once the firepolishing is complete, one of the two handles is removed leaving a pointed "drop" end. The preform is fed far enough into the furnace that, when a high enough temperature is reached, the drop end exits the furnace and initates the draw. The handle that remains will support the preform on the tower.
Click on the Draw Process tab for information about the next steps in the draw process.
DRAW PROCESS
Click on the Fiber Draw Tower shown below for further details.
Preform
Optical fiber production begins with a preform. The core/clad ratio of the preform is maintained during the draw process. The resulting optical fiber has this same core/clad ratio.
The silica fiber production facility at Thorlabs uses cylindrical silica preforms. Silica is commonly used to make optical fiber because it has good transmission over a wide range of wavelengths and low absorption and scattering losses (~0.2 dB/km). Silica is also highly resistant to both mechanical and optical damage. It can withstand pulling and bending as well as amplified laser pulses.
Thorlabs manufactures optical fiber in one of two ways: drawing a preform containing a glass core and a glass clad or drawing a pure silica rod and coating the resulting fiber with an optical polymer as the cladding.
The preform is prepared for draw on the glass-working lathe. Please see the Preform Preparation tab for more information about glass working and firepolishing. The handle end is chucked, or loaded, into the top-feed unit located at the top of the tower.
Furnace
The top-feed unit lowers the preform into the furnace, and the heating process begins. This inline furnace has a graphite element that surrounds, but does not touch, the preform. The graphite allows the heat to be evenly distributed around the glass cylinder. High-purity, oxygen-free Argon gas is cycled through the furnace to protect the graphite element at high temperatures.
The furnace slowly heats up the preform. As the temperature rises, the preform will start to glow. This bright orange glow is caused by the heat of the furnace and will scatter at the weld between the handle and the preform. The preform transmits light similarly to the optical fiber it will become.
Once the furnace reaches about 2000 °C, the drop end of the preform begins to fall under gravity through the hole in the bottom of the furnace. The drop end is what remains after a quartz handle has been removed after firepolishing.
A technician cuts the drop end off the glass flow and begins to pull the newly drawn fiber out of the furnace. He tapes a small weight to the end of the glass and threads it through the rest of the apparatuses along the length of the tower and into the capstan puller. This process can be seen in the photo gallery below.
Diameter Measurement
The fiber travels 36 feet from the furnace to the capstan. The speed that the fiber is drawn is inversely proportional to the desired diameter of the fiber: the larger the diameter, the slower the draw speed. The fiber passes through three diameter monitors: one directly after the furnace measuring the bare fiber diameter, one after it is coated, and one after the buffer jacket is applied. These monitors are connected to the tower control system. The bare glass diameter is used to control the capstan speed and maintain the desired fiber diameter.
Cooling Chamber
After coming out of the furnace, the fiber travels through a cooling chamber. Chilled water and helium gas are cycled through the 150 cm long cylinder, keeping it at an internal temperature of 12 °C. The fiber is cooled to room temperature as it passes through this chamber. Fiber needs to be at room temperature for proper coating application.
Coating
Once the fiber is thin enough, the technician cuts off the bottom portion of unusable fiber and feeds it through the coating cup. Thorlabs coats its fiber with a variety of coatings including TECS, acrylate, and polyimide. TECS is an industry-leading hard optical polymer cladding material that was developed by 3M™ and is now offered exclusively by Thorlabs. A coating layer is applied as the fiber is passed through a coating cup. The thickness of the coating is controlled by the inner diameter of the carbide dies in the coating cup.
The coating goes on the fiber wet and is hardened in the UV curing units located just below the coating cup. This coating protects the surface of the optical fiber, maintaing its intrinsic strength.
Final Steps
The capstan at the bottom of the fiber tower provides the pulling action that forms the fiber from the preform during the draw. After exiting the capstan, the fiber is pulled through an extruder where a Tefzel, or nylon, buffer is applied. The application of the extruded buffer can be seen in the picture to the left. A wide variety of buffer colors are available.
The Draw Process
FLUORIDE FIBER
In-House Fluoride Fiber Manufacturing
Learn more about our fluoride fiber manufacturing capabilities here.
Thorlabs manufactures ZBLAN zirconium fluoride (ZrF4) and indium fluoride (InF3) fibers at our vertically integrated fiber draw facility. The facility handles raw materials, glass preforms, fiber draw, and patch cable production. By controlling the process from start to finish, Thorlabs can ensure fibers consistently meet world-class specifications, including low attenuation, high mechanical strength, and precise geometry control.
The facility, located in Newton, NJ, USA, is well-equipped for high-volume manufacturing and is capable of producing many kilometers of fiber with consistent performance. In addition, because the fiber stays within Thorlabs' facilities from start to finish, the manufacturing process can be adjusted to accommodate unique custom orders or R&D needs.
Fluoride Characteristics
Fluoride fibers are ideal for transmission in the mid-IR wavelength range, and Thorlabs' fibers feature low attenuation over this range as a result of stringent manufacturing processes yielding an extremely low hydroxyl ion (OH) content. Fluoride fibers also have lower refractive indices and lower chromatic dispersion when compared to other fibers that offer transmission in the mid-IR range, such as chalcogenide glass fibers. Thorlabs' tightly controlled processes mitigate scattering and point defects in the fiber, as well as eliminate micro-crystallization in the glass matrix.
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A Glass Drop During the Fiber Draw Process
Fluoride Fiber Characterization and Testing
In addition to manufacturing fiber, Thorlabs offers testing and characterization services for our fibers. We precisely measure the properties of each drawn fiber to ensure that it meets our high standards of quality. Extensive testing also provides feedback for our fiber draw team, enabling tight control of each step in the manufacturing process. Customers can request custom testing of any Thorlabs-manufactured fiber, which is then provided with the shipped fiber. Testing of third-party fiber samples provided by customers is also available upon request. Available tests and services include:
- Spectral Attenuation Measurement
- UV / Visible / NIR / MIR Wavelength Range
- SM or MM Fiber and Bulk Glass
- SM Fiber Cutoff Wavelength Measurement
- Fiber NA Measurement
- Fiber Glass / Coating Geometry Measurement with Sub-µm Accuracy
- MIR High-Power Screening for MM Fibers
- Fiber Tensile Strength Testing
- Defect / Break Analysis
- Degree of Cure Testing for Fiber Coatings
Request testing for Thorlabs or third-party fibers by contacting Tech Sales.
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These graphs show Thorlabs' steady improvement in the average attenuation of all fiber draws during the given year.
Technical Team
Thorlabs' team of MIR fiber researchers and engineers has many years of experience in fluoride glass research and development, production, and fiber draw. Their knowledge and expertise have resulted in consistent improvement in the quality of our fluoride fiber. See the graphs to the left for the progression of our fluoride fiber performance.
Custom Fluoride Fiber and Patch Cables
If our standard offerings do not meet your needs, please contact Tech Sales to discuss customization and potential fiber draws. Some of the many customization options we provide for fluoride fibers and patch cables include:
Bare Fiber
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Patch Cables
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Thorlabs' Fiber Draw Tower
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